![]() Similarly, degradation is reduced in ILs relative to non-protected areas, broadly performing comparably to PAs and PIAs. Deforestation is reduced in ILs relative to non-protected areas across the tropics, avoiding deforestation comparably to PAs and PIAs except in Africa, where they avoid more. We estimate deforestation and degradation rates from 2010 to 2018 across 3.4 millon km 2 (Mkm 2) ILs, 2 Mkm 2 of PAs and 1.7 Mkm 2 of overlapped Protected Indigenous Areas (PIAs) relative to matched counterfactual non-protected areas. A key question is whether deforestation and degradation are reduced on ILs pan-tropically and their effectiveness relative to Protected Areas (PAs). The contribution of Indigenous Lands (ILs)-areas traditionally owned, managed, used or occupied by Indigenous Peoples-is increasingly viewed as critical in delivering on international goals. Area-based protection is the cornerstone of international conservation policy.
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